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حرکت قهقرایی
Mars, Jupiter, and Sat- urn periodically stopped their eastward progress against the background stars, and moved westward for a few weeks, the so-called retrograde motion.
Galileo's explanation of retrograde motion in the Coperni- can system.
As beginning astronomy students quickly learn, it is much easier to understand how the Ptolemaic epi- cycle generates the retrograde motion than how the Copernican system does, but the systems are closely equivalent, as they should be since both are attempting to reproduce the same observations.
Babylonian observers soon found, when they aver- aged out the retrograde motions, Mars moved much faster when it was moving through the con- stellation Cancer than when it was on the opposite side of the sky, moving through the constellation Capricorn.
Retrograde motion, 22 Rheticus, Georg Joachim, 14,
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